Evolyutsia_koreyskogo_goroda_Formirovanie_gorodskogo_prostranstva_i_transformatsia_arkhitekturnoy_formy

ɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɪɚɜɵ ɢ ɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɬɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹ ɳɢɟɫɹ ɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɪɨɝ Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɩɨɪɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɩɪɚɜɵ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥɢ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚ ɧɢɟ

Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɩɯɭɧɫɭ ɮɷɧɲɭɣ Ȼɟɡ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɝɟɨɦɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɥɟɝɟɧ ɞɟ ɩɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɯɭɧɫɭ ɨɬɟɰ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ Ʉɨɪɺ ȼɚɧ Ƚɨɧɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɥ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɦɚ ɧɨ ɢ ɢɦɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɫɵɧɚ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɝɟɨɦɚɧɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɥ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɚɥɶɱɢɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɜɨɠɞɟɦ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ Ɍɪɟɯ ɏɚɧ

Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟ ɧɢɹ ɩɯɭɧɫɭ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɨɥɢɰ ɚ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧ ɰɢɣ Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɯɭɧɫɭ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫ ɇɟɛɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɝɨɫ ɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ Ɍɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɇɚɦɝɺɧ ɘɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɢɰ ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɚ ɉɷɤɱɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɝɟɨɦɚɧɬɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɵɝɪɚɥɚ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ

ɂɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɚɤɬ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɹɬɟɠɚ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚ ɬɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɣ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɩɨɞ ɪɭɤɨ ɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ Ɇɺɱɯɨɧɚ ɝ ɢɞɟɣɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɩɯɭɧɫɭ ȿɟ ɫɭɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ Ʉɷɝɺɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɪɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɋɨɝɺɧ ɛɵɜ ɲɢɣ ɉɯɟɧɶɹɧ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɦɟ ɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɨɜ Ɇɺɱɯɨɧɚ

ɇɨ ɜ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɯɭɧɫɭ ɫɬɚɥ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɨ ɡɢɰɢɢ ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɷɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɛɭɞɞɢɡɦɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɤɪɟɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɯɭɧɫɭ

Ɋɟɦɟɫɥɨ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɮɭɰɢɚɧɫɤɨɦ Ʉɨɪɺ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢɫɶɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɡɟɦɥɟɞɟɥɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɵɦ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨ ɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ Ɋɵɧɤɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɥɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɤɪɭɩ ɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɜ ɩɹɬɶ ɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɨ ɰɟ ɧɚɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ Ɋɟɦɟɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɥɚɜɨɤ

61

ɜ Ʉɷɝɺɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɢɯ ɰɟɧɵ ɬɨɠɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨɦ

ɗɤɫɩɨɪɬ Ʉɨɪɺ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɝɨɪɧɵɣ ɠɟɧɶɲɟɧɶ ɢ ɞɪɚɝɨɰɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɧɨ ɢ ɫɬɚɜɲɭɸ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɭ ɫɟɥɚɞɨɧ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɚɪ ɮɨɪ ɲɟɥɤ ɢ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ

Ȼɭɞɞɢɡɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ Ʉɨɪɺ ɫɜɨɟ ɧɚɢɜɵɫɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɋ ɫɚ ɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ Ʉɨɪɺ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵ ɪɟɣ ɤ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɪɚɫɰɜɟɬɚ ɜ Ʉɷɝɺɧɟ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɯɪɚɦɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɟɣ Ɇɨɧɚɯɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ

Ⱦɚɨɫɢɡɦ ɛɵɥ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬ ɧɨ ɨɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɫɜɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɥɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɲɚɦɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɞɚɨɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɉɨɝɜɨɧɝɭɧ ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧ ɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɯɚɥɶɝɜɚɧɯɜɟ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɹ ɠɟɪɬɜɨɩɪɢɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɇɟɛɭ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɝɨɪɚɦ ɢ ɪɟɤɚɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɛɭɞɞɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɵ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɹɞɵ ɢ ɞɚɨɫɫɤɚɹ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɜɟɡɞɚɦ

Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɛɭɞɞɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɇɚ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ Ʉɨɪɺ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɥɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɭɧɫɤɨɝɨ Ʉɢɬɚɹ ɧɨ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɩɨ ɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟ ɥɟɣ ɥɚɦɚɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ

ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɜ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɟ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨ

ɜɚ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɛɭɞɞɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɟɣ ɍɧɱɠɭɫɚ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɶ Ɉɛɥɚɱɧɨɣ ɥɨɞɤɢ Ɇɢɪɵɤɫɚ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɶ Ȼɭɞɞɵ Ɇɚɣɬɪɟɣɢ ɢ Ʉɵɦɫɚɧɫɚ ɦɨɧɚ ɫɬɵɪɶ Ɂɨɥɨɬɵɯ ɝɨɪ ɪɹɞɚ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɜɚɹɧɢɣ Ȼɭɞɞ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɢɞɨɥɨɜ ɢ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɝɨɞ ɫ ɹɪɭɫɚɦɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɲɚɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɥɚɦɚɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɟɞ ɇɢ ɞɨ Ʉɨɪɺ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Ɍɪɟɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬ ɪɨɜɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɇɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɤɪɨɦɟ Ʉɨɝɭɪɺ ɉɷɤɱɟ ɢ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ Ʉɚɹ ɬɨ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ Ɉ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɚɝɨɞɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɥɟɝɟɧɞ ɡɚɛɵɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɚ Ʉɚɹ11 ɋɨ ɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɟ ɠɟɧɚ ɉɪɟɞɤɚ-ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɋɭɪɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɢɧ

ɞɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɟɫɫɨɣ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɩɥɵɥɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɨɣ

11 ɋɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɉɟɪɢɨɞ Ɍɪɟɯ ɑɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥ Ʉɚɹ

62

ɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɟɫɫɵ ɢɡ ɂɧɞɢɢ ɩɨɝɪɭɡɢɥɢ ɢɧɞɢɣɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɭɩɭ Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɭɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɹ ɦɨɝ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ

Ɋɢɫ Ʉɚɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɚɝɨɞɚ ɩɚɫɚ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɡɟɧɧɚɹ ɠɟɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ Ʉɚɹ ɤɨɪɨɥɹ ɋɭɪɨ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɏɨ ɢɡ ɂɧɞɢɢ

ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Ʉɨɪɺ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɤɪɭɝɥɵɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɨɫɶ ɦɢɝɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɝɨɞɵ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɞɨ ɹɪɭɫɨɜ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɛɭɞɞɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɦɨɧɚɯɚɦ ɩɭɞɨ ȼ Ʉɨɪɺ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɭɹ Ȼɭɞɞɵ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɦ 959 ɝɝ ɢ

ɫɚɦɨɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ Ȼɭɞɞɵ ɜ Ʉɨɪɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɦɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɢ ɇɷɝɚɧ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ Ʉɚɧɜɨɧ

ȼ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ ɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɉɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɠɢɥɢɳɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ

63

ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɦɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ

Ɋɢɫ ȼɢɞɵ ɠɢɥɢɳ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Ʉɨɪɺ ɩɟɳɟɪɵ ɪɚɧɧɟɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɩɨɥɭɡɟɦ ɥɹɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɠɢɥɢɳɟ -4 ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɥɨɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɢɠɢɧɵ ɛɪɟɜɟɧɱɚɬɨ- ɝɥɢɧɹɧɵɟ ɞɨɦɚ ɞɨɦɚ ɝɧɟɡɞɨ ɫɨɪɨɤɢ ɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɞɪɚɧɤɨɣ -9 ɯɚɧɨɤ

64

ɇɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɫɬɢɥɹ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɸɠɧɵɣ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɥɨɤ ɟɝɨ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝ ɪɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɤɪɵɲɢ ɋɬɢɥɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɬɭɝɨɧɚɯ ɤɪɨɧɲɬɟɣɧɚɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɤɨɥɨɧɧ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚ

Ɂɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɬɚɜɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɭɫɚɞɶɛɚɯ ɤɢɪɩɢɱ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɟɧ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɞ ɚ ɤɪɵɲɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɟɣ ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭ ɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɧɞɨɥɶ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱ ɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɸɠɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟ ɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ

ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɠɢɥɢɳɚ ɯɚɧɨɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɩɥɚɧɢ ɪɨɜɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɧɨ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤɨɧɮɭɰɢɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɨ ɫɟɦɶɟ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɨɜɵɦ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɩɯɭɧɫɭ ȼ ɯɚɧɨɤ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɭɠɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɡɨ ɧɵ ɢ ɬ ɞ ȼɫɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɚɞɶɛɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɷɬɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɧɵɦɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɩɨɪɚɯ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɢɜ ɧɭɸ ɤɪɵɲɭ ȼ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɵɲɢ ɯɚɧɨɤ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɫɨɥɨ ɦɨɣ ɜ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɟɣ

ȼ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɢɧɤɪɭɫɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɞɟ

ɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɥɚɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɥɚɦɭɬɪɨɦ ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧ ɢ ɧɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɥ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɵɣ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɫɟɥɚɞɨɧ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɡɢɦɨɪɨɞɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɮɪɢɬɚ ɯɨɬɹ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɛɵ ɥɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɚ ɢ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɨɝɨ ɛɟɠɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɟ-

ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ ȼ ɞɟɤɨɪɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɚɨɫɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɵ ɨɥɢɰɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɥɟɬɢɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɠɭɪɚɜɥɹ ɱɟɪɟɩɚɯɢ ɞɪɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɨɛɟɡɶɹɧ ɢ ɩɪ Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɮɭɰɢɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɵ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɛɥɚɝɨ ɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɥɢɜɵ ɛɚɦɛɭɤɚ ɢ ɨɪɯɢɞɟɢ ɗɬɢ ɠɟ ɫɸɠɟɬɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɡ ɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɢ ɩɨ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ

ɀɢɜɨɩɢɫɶɸ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɨɧɚɯɢ ɧɨ ɢ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢ ɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɥɸɛɢɬɟɥɢ Ɉɧɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɭɝɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɩɢ

65

ɫɢ ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɸɠɟɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɛɭɞ ɞɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɫɸɠɟɬɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɡ ɨɛɵɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɨɜ

ɋ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɤɧɢɝɨɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɢ ɤɚɥɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɭɝɨɜ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ

Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɭɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɦ ȼɨɡɝɥɚɜɥɹɥɨ ɷɬɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɥɨ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɨ ɮɚɤɬɵ ɧɨ ɢ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɥɨ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɨɠɚ ɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɚɫɶ ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ Ʉɢɦ Ȼɭɫɢɤ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɦ ɜ ɝ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɵɯ ɋɚɦɝɭɤ ɫɚɝɢɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ Ɍɪɟɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚɰɢɨ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɡɢɹ ɇɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɢ ɜ ɨɛɪɚ ɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ȼ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɚɹ ɲɤɨɥɚ Ⱥ ɫ XII ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ

ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹɯ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ Ʉɨɪɺ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ

ɤɧɢɝɨɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɦɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɥɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɲɪɢɮɬ 1241 ɝɝ ɚ ɞɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ 100 ɥɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɣ ɲɪɢɮɬ 1122 ɝɝ

Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɧɢɝɨɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɨ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɯ ɫɨɪɬɨɜ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɥɚɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ ɢɡ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɢ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ ɫ ɡɨɥɨɬɵɦ ɩɟɫɤɨɦ ȼ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ ɚɪɛɚɥɟ ɬɵ ɩɨɪɨɯɨɜɵɟ ɩɭɲɤɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɟ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɤɚɪɬɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɵɥ ɪɹɞ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚ ɫɬɢ ɚɝɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɯɥɨɩɱɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɯɥɨɩɱɚɬɨɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɨɞɟɠɞɵ

ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XII ɜɟɤɚ ɜ Ʉɨɪɺ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɤɪɢ

ɡɢɫ ɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɤɚ ɝɝ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɚ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɣ ɫɺɝɭɧɚɬ (1185 1868 ɝɝ ɧɨ ɞɥɢɥɚɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɪɨɱɟ ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧ

66

ɭɯɭɞɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɩɶ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɣ ɤɨɬɨ ɪɵɟ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɹɸɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ

ȼ ɝ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɝ Ʉɨɪɺ ɡɚɤɥɸ ɱɢɥɨ ɜɚɫɫɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɫ ɦɨɧɝɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɟɣ ɘɚɧɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫ 1271 ɝ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɟ ɉɨɱɬɢ ɫɬɨ ɥɟɬ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɟ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ

ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɨ ɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɬɹɠɟɥɭɸ ɞɚɧɶ ɢ ɬɟɪɩɟɬɶ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɧ ɝɨɥɨɜ ɜ ɞɟɥɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɣ ɏɨɬɹ ɦɨɧɝɨɥɵ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɠɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ʉɨɪɺ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨ ɑɟɞɠɭ ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɢɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɫɬɚ ɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɟɣ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɑɟɞɠɭɞɨ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɥ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚ ɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ əɩɨɧɢɢ

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɦɨɧɝɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɝɚ ɜ Ʉɨɪɺ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɱɚɬɵ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɥɚɛɢ

ɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɹɳɭɸ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɟɺ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɝ

4 ɗɩɨɯɚ ɑɨɫɨɧ ɝɝ

ɇɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɟ ɦɹɬɟɠɢ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɪɨɬɵ ɧɚɛɟɝɢ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢ ɤɨɜ ɫ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚ

ɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɯɨɞ ɤ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭɞɚɱɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɤɨɜɨɞ ɰɚ Ʌɢ ɋɨɧɝɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɫɦɟɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɹɳɟɣ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ȼɚɧ ɤɨɪɨ ɥɟɜɫɬɜɚ Ʉɨɪɺ ɑɬɨ ɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ -ɝɨ ɞɧɹ -ɝɨ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɝ ɉɟɪɜɵɦ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɦ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɫɬɚɥ Ʌɢ ɋɨɧɝɟ -1408 ɝɝ ɉɨɫɥɟ

ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɨɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɨɟ ɢɦɹ Ɍɯɷɱɠɨ ɑɟɪɟɡ ɝɨɞ ɨɧ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɑɨɫɨɧ ɍɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɋɜɟɠɟɫɬɶ Ⱦɢɧɚɫɬɢɹ Ʌɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɣ ɫɜɵɲɟ ɥɟɬ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɑɨɫɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɩɟɪɢ ɨɞɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɣ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɂɦɱɠɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ 1958 ɝɝ

ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɧɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɑɨɫɨɧɚ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ Ɇɚɧɶɱɠɭɪɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɯɨɞɵ 1636 ɝɝ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ- ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɵ XVII XVIII ɜɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ

ɦɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɟɣ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜ ɦɨɧɚ ɫɬɵɪɟɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɹ ɜɟɫɶ XVII ɜɟɤ

67

Ɋɢɫ ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ɑɨɫɨɧ Ʌɢ ɂ 1910 ɝɝ

68

ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ XVII ɜ ɢ ɜ XVIII ɜɟɤɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ

ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɑɨɫɨɧ ɹɜɢɥɫɹ XV ɜɟɤ ȼ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɵɥɚ

ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɧɟɨɤɨɧɮɭɰɢɚɧ ɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɨɛɥɢɤ Ʉɨɪɟɢ Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɨɣ ɮɢɝɭ ɪɨɣ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɫɬɚɥ ɤɨɪɨɥɶ ɋɟɱɠɨ 1468 ɝɝ ɪɨɥɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨ

ɝɨ ɞɥɹ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɪɨɥɶɸ ɢɦɩɟɪɚ ɬɨɪɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ I ɞɥɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ Ʉ ɫ

ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜɡɚɢ ɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫ Ʉɢɬɚɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚ ɤɢ ɬɚɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤ ɬɨɜ ɫ Ʉɢɬɚɟɦ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ XIX ɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɫɚɞɷ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ

ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɜ Ʉɨɪɟɟ ɪɭɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ əɩɨɧɢɸ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ ɑɨɫɨɧ ɞɨɥɝɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɨ ɤɚɤ ɢ

ɜɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨ ɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜɚɫɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɫɟɛɟ ɇɚɛɟɝɢ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɢɪɚɬɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɫɦɢɪɟɧɵ ɹɩɨɧ ɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɭ ɐɭɫɢɦɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɸ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɸɝɨ-

ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɬɚɯ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɉɭ ɫɚɧɚ ɜ ɝ ɷɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɨɫɶ ɞɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɪɬɵ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɩɨɩɚɥɢ ɬɚɛɚɤ ɬɵɤɜɚ ɢ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɩɟ ɪɟɰ ɛɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨ ɪɟɣɫɤɭɸ ɤɭɯɧɸ əɩɨɧɫɤɢɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɰɵ ɢ ɪɟɦɟɫɥɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɞɨɥɝɭ ɠɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɸɝɟ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɨ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟ ɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɡɧɚɥɢ ɸɝ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɗɬɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɥɨ ɢɦ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɂɦɱɠɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ Ɂɚɯɜɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɥɟɧ ɤɨ ɪɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɦɟɫɥɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɫɵɝɪɚɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬ ɞ

ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɜ XV ɜɟɤɟ ɜɟɥɢɫɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɚɝɪɨ

ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɪɬɚ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɉɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶ ɢ ɛɚɬɚɬ ɩɟɪɟɰ ɢ ɬɵɤɜɚ Ɉɧɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɪɚɰɢɨɧ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɝɨɪɨɠɚɧ ɢ ɫɟɥɹɧ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɫɹ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ

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ɉɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɋɟɱɠɨ ɛɵɥ ɢɡɛɪɟɬɟɧ ɞɨɠɞɟɦɟɪ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢ ɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ Ɋɚɫɰɜɟɬ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɧɢɝɨɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɢɟ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɚ ɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ ɢ ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶ ɧɨɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ Ɋɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜ Ʉɨɪɟɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɣ ɤɪɚɧ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟ ɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɟɣ

Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɟɪɨɝɥɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɜɲɟɝɨ ɢɡɛɭɤɜ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢ ɟɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɫɹ ɞɨ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɋɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɋɟɱɠɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɑɢɩɯɺɧɱɠɨɧ ɉɚɜɢɥɶɨɧ ɦɭɞɪɵɯ ɩɨɞ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɭ ɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥ ɜ ɝ ɝ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬ ɏɭɧɦɢɧ ɱɨɧɵɦɇɚɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɱɬɨ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ XIX ɜɟɤɚ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɩɢɫɚɥɢɫɶ

ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɟɪɨɝɥɢɮɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɛɟɡɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɚɥɢɪɨ ɜɚɥ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɑɨɫɨɧ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɯɚ ɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɥɨɟɧɢɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɨɟ ɫɨɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɹɧɛɚɧ ɇɢɠɟ ɲɥɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɢ ɤɪɟ ɫɬɶɹɧɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɰɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɹɧɢɧ ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɥɸɞɚ Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɱɭɧɢɧ ɥɸɞɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɢɡɭ ɧɚɯɨ ɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɱɯɨɧɦɢɧ ɩɨɞɥɵɣ ɥɸɞ ɥɢɱɧɨ-ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɧɨɛɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ

ɫɭɬɢ ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɬɟɦ ɤɟɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɰɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɢɡɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɣ ɩɷɤɱɨɧ ɋɪɟɞɢ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧ ɜɵɞɟɥɹ ɥɢɫɶ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɡɟɦɥɟɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɵ ɱɢɱɠɭ ɤɪɟɫɬɶ ɹɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɱɨɧɯɨ ɛɟɡɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɟ-ɚɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪɵ

ɦɭɱɠɨɧɯɨ Ʉ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɨɛɧɢɳɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɝɨɫɩɨɞ ɫɬɜɚ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɹɧɛɚɧ.

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɝ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ Ʉɷɫɨɧɚ ɜ ɏɚɧɴɹɧ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɟɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɋɟɭɥ ɱɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɜɵɪɨɫ ɞɨ - ɬɵɫɹɱ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɬɚɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶ

ɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɉɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɑɨɫɨɧ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɧɛɚɧ

ɢ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɨɜ ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɥɚɫɶ

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